Nitrogen requirement of wide-spaced row crops in the presence of starter fertilizer

Abstract. There is a need to develop sustainable nitrogen (N) management systems that minimize environmental losses by maximizing the use efficiency of applied fertilizers, particularly with wide-row annual crops that are often poor at utilizing N. A key approach is to match nitrogen supply with crop demand using improved methods of fertilizer application and timing. One technique is to target liquid 'starter' fertilizers close to the seed, or around the roots of transplants, and to omit or reduce conventional broadcast applications. This paper examines the effects of starter fertilizer combined with various rates of seedbed and/or top-dressed N on the growth and yield of bulb onion ( Allium cepa L.), crisp lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.), forage maize ( Zea mays Bonaf.) and sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.). Starter fertilizer improved early growth and, in combination with reduced rates of supplementary N, gave yields comparable with higher rates of base N with each crop, except sugarbeet. The use of top-dressed N was as effective as base N in supplementing starter fertilizer and had the benefit that it allowed a top-dressing requirement to be estimated accurately using a simple nitrogen balance equation. These results, taken with earlier work, show that starter fertilizers offer clear opportunities for reducing N inputs, while maintaining yield and quality of these crops.     

钙镁型秸秆生物炭肥缓释性能及其对玉米生长的影响

化肥的一次施用量过大造成面源污染,给生态环境带来了诸多负面影响,功能化生物炭是构建化肥缓释的重要材料,是生物炭基缓释肥开发的一条途径。该研究以玉米秸秆为炭原料,鸡蛋壳为钙原料,基于热解转化技术耦合氮磷的同步富集制备钙镁型秸秆生物炭肥(Ca/Mg-BCF)。通过温度和pH值对Ca/Mg-BCF缓释性能的影响试验、缓释动力学和淋溶模拟试验等,研究了Ca/Mg-BCF的缓释性能;结合表征技术,初步揭示其缓释氮磷的机理;利用盆栽试验考察了该炭肥与传统化肥对玉米生长影响。结果表明:Ca/Mg-BCF对N和P的缓释作用明显优于化肥(CF),Ca/Mg-BCF对N和P的释放率(5.90%和8.68%)在缓释48 h后,分别比CF降低了88.10个百分点和74.22个百分点;淋溶试验证明,Ca/Mg-BCF对N和P的累积释放率呈现缓慢增长的趋势;Ca/Mg-BCF对养分的释放受温度(10～40℃)的影响较小,其对N和P的释放分别在pH值为1～7和3～10之间较为平稳。Ca/Mg-BCF对N和P的缓释性能,主要受多种作用协同控制,包括鸟粪石等晶体的溶解速率、磷酸根的再沉淀、静电吸引以及生物炭的限域效应等...     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌HRH317对串珠镰孢菌菌丝形态和超微结构的影响

为明确新型生防菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HRH317菌株对病原菌串珠镰孢菌Fusarium moniliforme的抑制作用,采用牛津杯法对HRH317菌株抑菌活性进行测定,并采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和荧光显微镜对经HRH317菌株发酵上清液处理后的串珠镰孢菌菌丝形态及超微结构进行观察。结果显示,HRH317菌株发酵上清液对串珠镰孢菌有很好的抑菌活性,抑菌圈平均直径可达33.31 mm。扫描电镜结果显示,HRH317菌株发酵上清液处理24 h时,串珠镰孢菌菌丝体出现断裂现象;处理72 h时,串珠镰孢菌菌丝体断裂较严重,多处裂解;处理96 h时,串珠镰孢菌菌丝体彻底瓦解,且无完整菌丝体。透射电镜结果显示,HRH317菌株发酵上清液处理72 h时,串珠镰孢菌菌丝体细胞形态扭曲变形,细胞内结构紊乱,遭破坏。荧光显微镜结果显示,经PI染料染色处理12 h时,串珠镰孢菌细胞有少数细胞被染成红色,细胞膜通透性受一定程度破坏;处理16 h时,串珠镰孢菌细胞大面积被染红;处理20 h时,串珠镰孢菌细胞被染色面积增大;处理24 h时,串珠镰孢菌细胞膜受破坏程度增加,细胞内大面积被染色。表明解淀粉芽胞杆菌HRH317菌株对串珠镰孢菌菌丝形态和超微结构有破坏作用,能抑制病原菌串珠镰孢菌菌丝体生长。     

玉米生长与地面覆盖栽培试验

在广州秋播玉米采用稻草覆盖与地膜覆盖和无覆盖相比，稻草覆盖的玉米产量和穗行数性状明显优越，穗长，行粒数，穗粗，千料重等性状也有较好的趋势。稻草和黑色地膜覆盖，均可减少杂草萌发，稻草覆盖处理中萌发的杂草，仍然会不断生长，但个体数量已大大减少。     

玉米杂交种丹玉501(丹5151)选育与应用

丹玉501是丹东农业科学院以自选系丹717为母本,自选系丹765为父本组配而成的玉米单交种。通过辽宁省两年区域试验,平均比对照种郑单958增产6.4%,该品种具有适应性广、抗倒伏、抗病性强、高产稳产、生育期适中、品质好等特点,可在北方春玉米区广泛种植。     

肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响

为探究肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响,在玉米、大豆单作及二者间作下施以标准肥料750 kg/hm~2和减半肥料375 kg/hm~2,于作物生长期调查田间昆虫群落组成及多样性,并在收获期对玉米和大豆进行测产。结果表明:与单作玉米相比,间作玉米在施用标准肥料下的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著增加78.33%、85.35%和38.71%,而在施用减半肥料下则分别显著增加90.91%、135.73%和33.33%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使单作玉米百株籽粒重显著降低22.45%。与单作大豆相比,在施用标准肥料下,间作大豆的百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低49.47%和11.54%,在施用减半肥料下,间作大豆的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低73.94%、50.51%和17.39%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使大豆在单作和间作下的百株籽粒重分别显著降低65.02%和65.73%,使间作下大豆的百株生物量和千粒重分别显著降低73.14%和17.39%。与单作相比,间作均显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米和大豆害虫群落的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,还显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米天敌昆虫群落的物种数和优势度指数以及大豆天敌昆虫群落的物种数和均匀度指数。表明玉米-大豆间作能有效提高玉米产量,降低虫害发生,但对大豆生产不利,而间作条件下减施肥料对玉米产量的影响更小。建议在田间生产中可将夏玉米和大豆间作种植,更有利于通过生态学方法控制田间害虫发生和增加作物总体产量。     

灌溉量和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米产量及水肥利用的影响

为探究水分和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米生长及水肥利用的综合影响，通过设置40 mm（W1）和60 mm（W2）两个灌水水平下不施氮肥（N0）、施用氮肥（U）、氮肥+硝化抑制剂（U+DCD）、氮肥+脲酶抑制剂（U+NBPT）、氮肥+双效抑制剂（U+N+D）5种氮肥施用措施，开展夏玉米田间试验。结果表明：相较于施用氮肥处理，氮肥配施增效剂可以显著提高夏玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力，增幅分别为5.92%~13.82%、5.85%~18.07%、11.12%~24.30%、12.35%~41.83%和5.93%~13.80%，其中氮肥配施双效抑制剂效果较优；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂和双效抑制剂可以降低夏玉米农田土壤氨挥发累积量和成熟期土壤硝态氮残留量，前者效果最优。相比于W1，W2水平下氮肥配施双效抑制剂处理玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高10.54%、15.51%、19.40%、20.31%和27.36%；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂处理农田土壤氨挥发累积量和硝态氮残留量分别降低11.33%和48.46%。综合考虑夏玉米施肥灌水方案的经济效益、环境效益、水肥利用效率和玉米植株生长，构建模糊综合评价体系，得到最优处理为灌水量60 mm下氮肥配施双效抑制剂。     

Glycinebetaine Improves Chilling Tolerance in Hybrid Maize

Plant growth and development is hampered by various environmental stresses including chilling. We investigated the possibility of improving chilling tolerance in hybrid maize by glycinebetaine (GB) seed treatments. Maize hybrid (Hycorn 8288) seeds were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 mg l^?1 (p.p.m.) aerated solution of GB for 24 h and were dried back. Treated and untreated seeds were sown at 27 °C (optimal temperature) and at 15 °C (chilling stress) under controlled conditions. Germination and seedling growth was significantly hindered under chilling stress. Moreover, chilling stress significantly reduced the starch metabolism and relative water contents (RWC), and increased the membrane electrolyte leakage. However, activities of antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) were increased under stress conditions. Seed treatments with GB improved the germination rate, root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weights, leaf and root scores, RWC, soluble sugars, α‐amylase activity and antioxidants significantly compared with untreated seeds under optimal and stress conditions. Induction of chilling tolerance was attributed to maintenance of high tissue water contents, reduced membrane electrolyte leakage, and higher antioxidant activities and carbohydrate metabolism. Seed treatment with 100 mg l^?1 GB was the best treatment for improving the performance of hybrid maize under normal and stress conditions compared with control and other levels used.     

扇吸式太阳能杀虫灯在鲜食玉米田的应用效果及对节肢动物生物多样性的影响

为明确扇吸式杀虫灯在鲜食玉米田间的应用效果及对节肢动物生物多样性的影响，采用抽样鉴定方法调查扇吸式杀虫灯的诱虫谱，通过田间试验调查其对主要害虫亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis的控制范围和防控效果，并采用黄板、糖醋酒液和陷阱法取样调查其对玉米田间节肢动物生物多样性的影响。结果表明，扇吸式杀虫灯在鲜食玉米田可诱集9目40科的昆虫，对亚洲玉米螟的有效控制距离在60 m左右，单灯控制面积约1.1 hm²。在大喇叭口期，灯光防控处理对亚洲玉米螟的株防效为25.83%，显著低于化学防控处理的76.74%；在乳熟期，化学防控处理的虫孔减退率为75.29%，显著高于灯光防控处理的21.18%，灯光防控处理、化学防控处理和对照的茎秆活虫数、虫孔隧道长度和雌穗防效差异均不显著。距灯80 m范围内不同距离的主要害虫与天敌种群数量基本一致，玉米不同生育期节肢动物群落多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势集中性指数和相似系数变化较大，但在同一生育期不同距离间均无显著差异，说明田间节肢动物群落主要受玉米生育期的影响，扇吸式杀虫灯对田间主要害虫和天敌种群无显著影响。表明扇吸式杀虫灯对亚洲玉米螟的防治效果有限，对田间节肢动物多样性无显著影响，可作为鲜食玉米田防治亚洲玉米螟的辅助手段，但无法替代化学防治。     

“多效好”对玉米生产性状的影响

“多效好”是一种新型植物生长营养剂,通过浸种和苗期喷洒,能改善玉米的生产性状,增大叶面积,提高干重及叶绿素和可溶性糖的含量。同时,由于增大了气孔阻力,蒸腾速率降低,使玉米抗旱能力提高。最终导致果穗秃顶度减少,穗粒数与穗粒重增加,产量提高。